Short answers, pulled from the story.
The cytoplasm is all the material inside a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell enclosed by the cell membrane, excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. Its three major components are the cytosol, organelles such as mitochondria and the Golgi apparatus, and cytoplasmic inclusions such as lipid droplets and starch granules. The cytoplasm is approximately 80% water and is usually colorless.
The term cytoplasm was introduced by Rudolf von Kolliker in 1863, originally as a synonym for protoplasm. Over time the meaning narrowed to refer specifically to the cell substance and organelles located outside the nucleus.
Cytosol makes up about 70% of the total cell volume. It is a complex mixture of cytoskeleton filaments, dissolved macromolecules, proteins, ribosomes, proteasomes, and water.
Cytoplasmic streaming is the movement of the cytoplasm around organelles and vacuoles within a cell. It occurs in large animal and plant cells, amoebae, and slime molds, and serves to transport materials across distances that simple diffusion would cover too slowly.
Research has found that the cytoplasm behaves like a liquid at length scales smaller than 100 nanometers and like a gel at larger scales. Other theories describe it as a sol-gel that shifts between disordered and networked states, as a glass-forming liquid, or as a biphasic poroelastic material with a fluid cytosol and a solid cytomatrix.
In dormant cells, the cytoplasm may vitrify, behaving like a solid glass in the absence of metabolic activity. This freezes subcellular structures in place to prevent damage while still allowing small proteins and metabolites to pass through, enabling the cell to resume function when conditions improve.