Short answers, pulled from the story.
King Louis XIV of France established the first police force comparable to modern standards in 1667. This event marked a turning point in how societies organized their law enforcement before dedicated state agencies existed.
Law enforcement agencies, courts, and correctional authorities form the three distinct institutions that make up the backbone of criminal justice systems worldwide. Law enforcement investigates wrongdoing and makes arrests while courts settle disputes and correctional authorities manage offenders after conviction.
William Penn initiated correctional reform in Pennsylvania toward the end of the 17th century. His work led to revisions in the criminal code that forbade torture and replaced corporal punishment with jails and prisons.
August Vollmer established a criminal justice program at the University of California Berkeley in 1916. He served as the police chief of Berkeley and emerged as the founder of criminal justice as an academic discipline in the 1920s.
CompStat developed as an information-based system for tracking crime patterns in the 1990s by the New York Police Department. This technology mapped trends and held police accountable for dealing with crime problems before being replicated globally.