Short answers, pulled from the story.
Gaston Paris coined the phrase courtly love in the year 1183 to describe a literary phenomenon that had been simmering in the courts of southern France for nearly a century. This French scholar named the concept that had emerged from the ducal courts of Aquitaine and Provence around the end of the eleventh century.
Courtly love originated in four specific regions of southern France including Aquitaine, Provence, Champagne, and ducal Burgundy around the time of the First Crusade in 1099. The movement was propelled by powerful women who ruled these courts when their husbands were away on crusade or other military campaigns.
Andreas Capellanus codified the fluid practices of courtly love into a rigid system of rules in his work De amore by the late twelfth century. The text established that marriage was no real excuse for not loving and that jealousy was a necessary component of true affection while declaring that no one could be bound by double love.
Courtly love tradition in southern France was heavily influenced by Arabic poetry from Al-Andalus the Islamic region of Spain during the eleventh century. Wandering poets traveled from court to court and the metrical forms used by Spanish poets closely resembled those later adopted by the French troubadours.
The existence of actual courts of love remains one of the most contentious issues in the study of medieval history with no documentary evidence found to support their reality. Modern scholars suggest these courts were not legal tribunals but literary salons or social gatherings where people read poems debated questions of love and played word games of flirtation.
The progression of courtly love follows a distinct arc beginning with attraction to the lady usually initiated through a glance followed by the worship of the lady from afar. The lover declares his passionate devotion only to face a virtuous rejection which leads to renewed wooing with oaths of virtue and eternal fealty before performing heroic deeds to win the lady's heart.