Short answers, pulled from the story.
Professor Daniel Putman defines courage as deliberate choice in the face of painful or fearful circumstances for the sake of a worthy goal. This view requires the presence of fear and the decision to move forward despite it.
Plato wrote his dialogue Laches early in his career while still developing ideas influenced by Socrates without reaching a clear conclusion. In The Republic, he described courage as a sort of preservation of belief inculcated by law through education about what things are to be feared.
Ten experts in psychology came together to define courage through questionnaires asking what courage means. They found four necessary components: intentionality deliberation personal fear noble good act and personal risk.
The Medal of Honor represents highest decoration bestowed on US armed forces who distinguish themselves conspicuously by gallantry above call of duty. Military crosses like Army Distinguished Service Cross Navy Cross Air Force Cross Coast Guard Cross rank second highest.
The term clinical courage emerged in 2000s relating to modern medicine practices in remote settings. It describes providing essential medical care outside usual scope where no alternative exists.