Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Council of Trent met sporadically from the 13th of December 1545 to the 4th of December 1563. It addressed institutional reform, corrupt bishops, the sale of indulgences, and reaffirmed salvation through grace received by faith and works.
Gaetano and Cardinal Gian Caraffa founded the Theatines in 1524 as Italy's first congregation of regular clergy. These orders took special vows without obligation to assist in monastery religious offices and taught under direct bishop authority.
The Council of Trent decreed that architecture, painting, and sculpture must convey Catholic theology while prohibiting works arousing carnal desire or depicting Christ's suffering excessively. Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina composed the Missa Papae Marcelli around 1564 which became a model for future Catholic composers after Pope Pius IV used it to save Church polyphony.
Peter Paul Rubens painted Adoration of the Magi in 1624 during the height of Baroque art development. The Council of Trent proclaimed that any work arousing carnal desire was inadmissible in churches while depictions of Christ's suffering were desirable and proper.
Pope Clement VIII received Ruthenian bishops into full communion on the 7th of February 1596 under the Union of Brest treaty. This agreement recognized continued practice of Byzantine liturgical tradition, married clergy, and exempted Ruthenians from using a Creed containing the Filioque clause as reconciliation conditions.