Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Convention on Biological Diversity has three main goals: the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources. Countries that ratify the treaty are legally bound to implement all three objectives.
The United States signed the Convention in 1992 but ratification requires a two-thirds majority in the Senate, a threshold Republican senators have blocked. Key concerns include the Convention's rules on sharing genetic resources, which raised alarms in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries, and a worry that the treaty could interfere with domestic environmental regulations.
The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity, adopted on the 29th of January, 2000, and entered into force on the 11th of September, 2003. It governs the cross-border movement of living modified organisms produced through modern biotechnology, allowing countries to refuse imports of genetically modified organisms they consider unsafe and requiring exporters to label genetically modified commodities.
The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources was adopted on the 29th of October, 2010, in Nagoya, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, and entered into force on the 12th of October, 2014. It provides a transparent legal framework for the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
The Aichi Biodiversity Targets were 20 international goals established in 2010 to protect biodiversity through 2020. Countries failed to meet them because the targets lacked clarity, were difficult to measure, national actions went unreported, funding was limited, and biodiversity protection received lower priority than sectors such as agriculture.
The 30 by 30 initiative is a commitment in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, adopted on the 19th of December, 2022, at the 15th Conference of the Parties in Montreal, Canada. It calls for designating at least 30 percent of global land and sea as protected areas.