Short answers, pulled from the story.
Contemporary philosophy is the present period in the history of Western philosophy, beginning in the early 20th century. It is defined by the professionalization of the discipline and the rise of analytic and continental philosophy as distinct traditions.
Analytic philosophy, rooted in the work of Bertrand Russell, G. E. Moore, and Gottlob Frege, emphasizes precision on narrow topics and analysis via logic. Continental philosophy, tracing to Edmund Husserl and phenomenology, tends to reject scientism, emphasizes historical and cultural context, and includes movements such as existentialism, structuralism, and deconstruction.
Hegel was the first philosopher appointed professor by the State. At the end of 1817, the Prussian Minister of Education appointed him as a result of Napoleonic reform in Prussia.
The American Philosophical Association is the main professional organization for philosophers in the United States, formed from a merger of the Western Philosophical Association, portions of the American Psychological Association, and the Association itself. It runs three divisions, Pacific, Central, and Eastern, each holding a large annual conference, and administers top professional honors including the American Philosophical Association Book Prize.
Michael Sandel's Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? and Harry Frankfurt's On Bullshit both became New York Times best sellers. Both were written by professional philosophers but addressed a broad non-philosopher audience, a distinction the source describes as uncommon.
The Eastern Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association is the largest, typically drawing around 2,000 philosophers. It takes place each December in a different east coast city and serves as the country's largest recruitment event for academic philosophy positions.