Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Babylonian Empire under Hammurabi established a system called Ilkum that required eligible men to serve in the royal army during times of war. During peace, these same individuals were obligated to provide labor for state projects instead. In exchange for this service, people subject to Ilkum gained the right to hold land supplied by the state.
The Ottoman Empire created the Kapıkulu slave army under Sultan Murad I in the middle of the 14th century. This force relied heavily on the devşirme system which drafted Christian boys from Balkan regions including Albania, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Serbia, and Ukraine. By 1609, the Sultan's Kapıkulu forces numbered approximately 100,000 men.
More than 2.6 million men were inducted into the French military through the Jourdan Law system between 1800 and 1813. Deputy Jean-Baptiste Jourdan gave his name to the Act passed on the 5th of September 1798 which declared that any Frenchman was a soldier owing himself to the defense of the nation. This legislation enabled Napoleon Bonaparte to create what he called the nation in arms.
Both Britain and the Soviet Union conscripted women during global conflicts though the United States abandoned plans to draft women into the Nurse Corps when Japan surrendered before invasion could occur. In the United Kingdom during World War II, women were brought into conscription scope starting in 1941 though most served in factories rather than combat roles. The Red Army conscripted nearly 30 million men during the Great Patriotic War against Nazi Germany.
Norway became the first NATO member to legally require national service for both men and women starting in 2015. Sweden introduced female conscription in 2010 but only implemented it effectively from 2017 after reinstating compulsory service for both genders. Denmark extended conscription to women beginning in 2027 while bringing forward military service implementation to 2025 under a gender-neutral model.