Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first known use of the word computer appeared in a 1613 book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by the English writer Richard Brathwait, according to the Oxford English Dictionary. It referred to a human computer, a person who carried out calculations, and the word kept that meaning until the middle of the 20th century.
Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, is considered the father of the computer. He announced his difference engine in 1822 and by 1833 had designed the analytical engine, the first design for a general-purpose machine describable as Turing-complete.
The Z3, built by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1941, was the world's first working electromechanical programmable, fully automatic digital computer. It used 2000 relays, a 22-bit word length, and a clock frequency of about 5 to 10 Hz.
The ENIAC weighed 30 tons, used 200 kilowatts of electric power, and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes. It could add or subtract 5000 times a second, a thousand times faster than any other machine, and reached full operation at the end of 1945. Its six programmers were women known collectively as the ENIAC girls.
Alan Turing proposed the principle of the modern computer in his 1936 paper On Computable Numbers, describing a universal Turing machine that could compute anything computable from instructions stored on tape. John von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper.
Grace Hopper, an American computer scientist and developer of the first compiler, is credited with first using the term bugs in computing. It followed a dead moth found shorting a relay in the Harvard Mark II computer in September 1947.
The first single-chip microprocessor was the Intel 4004, designed and realized by Federico Faggin with his silicon-gate MOS technology, along with Ted Hoff, Masatoshi Shima, and Stanley Mazor at Intel. By the early 1970s, MOS technology could integrate more than 10,000 transistors on a single chip.