Short answers, pulled from the story.
The government officially inaugurated its operations on the 15th of November 1935. A crowd of approximately 300,000 people gathered at the Legislative Building in Manila for the ceremony.
Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña won the presidency and vice-presidency respectively under the Nacionalista Party banner. They defeated Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay with nearly 68% of the vote.
Imperial Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on the morning of the 8th of December 1941. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña were evacuated from Corregidor via submarine on the 20th of February 1942 to establish a government-in-exile.
The Commonwealth dissolved when the United States recognized Philippine independence on the 4th of July 1946. This date marked the scheduled end of the ten-year transition period outlined in the Tydings, McDuffie Act.
This legislation established a ten-year transition period for the Commonwealth of the Philippines to prepare for full independence. The period began after the Constitutional Convention approved the document on the 8th of February 1935.