Short answers, pulled from the story.
Louis Pouzin introduced the concept of a shell in 1964 while working at MIT Computation Center on the Multics operating system. He developed the RUNCOM tool that allowed users to execute command scripts with argument substitution.
The Bourne shell arrived in 1977 as a replacement for the V6 shell and became the foundation for modern scripting languages. Ken Thompson adapted this concept for Unix in 1971 by developing the V6 shell at Bell Labs before the Bourne shell was released.
Linux distributions typically utilize Bash as their default interactive shell for system administration and software development tasks. Apple macOS uses zsh as its current default shell after previously relying on Bash and tcsh versions before Catalina updates.
Graphical user interfaces require more system resources than text-based alternatives due to rendering graphics and managing windows. Systems with insufficient hardware resources still rely on command lines because they consume minimal memory and processing power compared to full graphical desktops.
November 2006 saw Microsoft release version 1.0 of Windows PowerShell which combined traditional Unix features with object-oriented .NET Framework capabilities. This release occurred during the period when graphical user interfaces began replacing command lines as the default interface for personal computers.