Short answers, pulled from the story.
The first coffeehouse in Europe is believed to have been a Kafana, or Serbian coffeehouse, opened in Belgrade in 1522. Within the Ottoman Empire, the first coffeehouse in Constantinople was opened around 1555 by Hakem of Aleppo and Shems of Damascus in the Tahtakale district.
English coffeehouses were called penny universities because entry sometimes cost just one penny, giving anyone who could pay access to books, printed news, and conversation with people of higher social rank. The coffeehouses were described as great social levelers, open to all men regardless of status.
The first Viennese coffeehouse was opened in 1685 by an Armenian merchant named Johannes Diodato, also known as Johannes Theodat. An earlier folk tale credited the founding to Jerzy Franciszek Kulczycki after the Battle of Vienna in 1683, but this account is now widely considered inaccurate.
Lloyd's of London insurance market grew out of Lloyd's Coffee House, where underwriters of ship insurance gathered to do business. In 1773, the stockbrokers meeting at New Jonathan's Coffee-house renamed it "The Stock Exchange."
Opened in 1689 by the Sicilian Procopio Cuto, the Café de Procope was a gathering place for Montesquieu, Rousseau, and Diderot. The Encyclopédie of 1751 to 1772 is said to have begun in conversations between Diderot and D'Alembert held there.
From the late 1950s onward, coffeehouses in neighborhoods like New York City's Greenwich Village and San Francisco's North Beach hosted folk performers during the American folk music revival. Joan Baez and Bob Dylan both began their careers performing in coffeehouses.