Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word classical began as a Roman social marker for the highest class of citizens in ancient times. Aulus Gellius used classicus to praise writers like Demosthenes and Virgil during that period.
John Banister started popular public concerts at a London tavern in 1672. This event marked a shift where public concerts replaced court monopolies in 18th-century England.
The Carolingian Empire existed between 800 and 887 CE when Western plainchant unified into Gregorian chant. Musical centers included the Abbey of Saint Gall and the Abbey of Saint Martial during this era.
Jacopo Peri wrote Dafne around 1597, which is the first work called opera today. He also composed Euridice, which survives to the present day.
Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 8 was performed in 1906 using over 150 instrumentalists. This performance occurred during the Romantic music span from the first decade of the 19th century to early 20th century.