Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association demanded one man one vote, an end to housing discrimination, an end to employment discrimination, an end to gerrymandering of district boundaries, and disbandment of the B-Specials police reserve. These five core demands emerged as the movement campaigned throughout the late sixties and early seventies.
The Campaign for Social Justice launched its operations in Belfast during January 1964. This organization promised to end discrimination in employment and housing while challenging the government directly through international bodies like the Commission for Human Rights in Strasbourg and the United Nations.
The Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896 upheld legal segregation until the Brown v. Board of Education case nullified it decades later. This system degraded citizenship rights for African Americans after 1890 creating a nadir in American race relations through racial segregation and disenfranchisement.
Jean Lesage won election as Liberal Premier following Maurice Duplessis death initiating intense political and social change throughout Quebec during the 1960s. His government secularized education and healthcare systems previously controlled by the Roman Catholic Church while nationalizing Hydro-Québec and creating public companies for mining forestry iron steel and petroleum industries.
In October 1970 FLQ members kidnapped British diplomat James Cross and Quebec's Minister of Labour Pierre Laporte who was later killed. Prime Minister Pierre Elliott Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act declaring martial law before arresting all kidnappers by year end.