Short answers, pulled from the story.
John Smeaton coined the term civil engineer before 1747. He constructed the Eddystone Lighthouse and developed new methods for working with stone underwater to change the trajectory of the profession.
The Institution of Civil Engineers was founded in London in 1818. Thomas Telford became its first president in 1820 and the institution received a Royal Charter in 1828.
The pyramids in Egypt dating back to 2500 BC represent some of the earliest large-scale structural constructions in history. Other early examples include the Qanat water management system in modern-day Iran and the Parthenon designed by Iktinos between 447 and 438 BC.
Geotechnical engineering is complex because soil exhibits nonlinear strength, stiffness, and dilatancy unlike steel or concrete. The material properties and behavior of soil are difficult to predict due to its variability and limitation on investigation.
Water resources engineering is concerned with the collection and management of water as a natural resource. The Hoover Dam stands as a monumental example of water resources engineering demonstrating the ability to harness the power of water for electricity generation and flood control.
Municipal engineering involves the specification, design, construction, and maintenance of streets, sidewalks, water supply networks, sewers, street lighting, and municipal solid waste management. It also includes the civil portion of local distribution networks of electrical and telecommunications services.