Short answers, pulled from the story.
Lieutenant Józef Serafin Stanslicki established a Polish Army Cipher Section within the General Staff building in Warsaw on the 8th of May 1919. This unit operated during the Polish-Soviet War that raged from 1919 to 1921.
Marian Rejewski applied group theory to break the system in December 1932 after reconstructing the precise interconnections of the Enigma rotors and reflector using French documents provided by Captain Gustave Bertrand. The Bureau commissioned AVA Radio Company to build replicas of the Enigma machine based on his specifications and developed specialized tools like the Cyclometer and Zygalski sheets to counter evolving encryption methods.
Cipher Bureau chiefs Lt. Col. Gwido Langer and Major Maksymilian Ciężki met French and British representatives at Kabaty Woods near Pyry on the 25th of July 1939. They revealed Poland's Enigma-decryption techniques and handed over reconstructed machines along with Zygalski sheets and cryptologic bombs to help Allied intelligence efforts.
Key personnel evacuated southeast into Romania then crossed Yugoslavia and neutral Italy to reach France where work resumed at PC Bruno outside Paris on the 20th of October 1939. Following France's capitulation in June 1940, survivors moved to Algeria before resuming operations at Cadix near Uzès on the 1st of October 1940.
Polish historian Władysław Kozaczuk published book Bitwa o tajemnice revealing Enigma broken by Poles before World War II started in 1967. His disclosure came seven years before F.W. Winterbotham's The Ultra Secret changed conventional views of war history.