Short answers, pulled from the story.
Marcus Tullius Cicero was born on the 3rd of January 106 BC in the hill town of Arpinum. His family name Cicero meaning chickpea derived from a cleft in the nose of an ancestor that resembled the legume.
Cicero established his reputation in 80 BC when he defended Sextus Roscius of Ameria against charges of parricide. He accused the powerful freedman Chrysogonus of fabricating the father's proscription to steal the family estate while tactfully avoiding direct incrimination of Sulla.
Cicero suppressed the Catilinarian conspiracy in 63 BC by procuring a senatus consultum ultimum and driving Catiline from the city with four vehement speeches. He secured the arrest of five conspirators who were subsequently strangled in the Tullianum prison after the Senate deliberated on their punishment.
Cicero returned to Italy on the 5th of August 57 BC after being exiled by Publius Clodius Pulcher. He had arrived at Thessalonica on the 23rd of May 58 BC and lived in exile while Clodius demolished his house and erected a temple of Liberty on the vacant land.
Cicero was added to the proscription list by the Second Triumvirate after the lex Titia was passed on the 27th of November 43 BC. He was killed by Antony's soldiers despite Octavian arguing for two days against Cicero being added to the list.
Cicero transformed Latin from a modest utilitarian language into a versatile literary medium capable of expressing abstract and complicated thoughts with clarity. His writings influenced Church Fathers like Augustine of Hippo and St. Jerome and inspired the Founding Fathers of the United States and the revolutionaries of the French Revolution.