Short answers, pulled from the story.
St Peter ad Vincula is the burial place of notable figures including Queen Anne Boleyn, Queen Catherine Howard, Lady Jane Grey, Lord Guildford Dudley, Sir Thomas More, Bishop John Fisher, Thomas Cromwell, Edward Seymour 1st Duke of Somerset, and James Scott 1st Duke of Monmouth, among others executed at the Tower.
The current building of St Peter ad Vincula was rebuilt between 1519 and 1520 under the direction of Sir Richard Cholmondeley, then Lieutenant of the Tower, after a fire destroyed the earlier structure in 1512. The design is attributed to William Vertue.
St Peter ad Vincula means "St Peter in chains" in Latin. The name refers to the story of Saint Peter's imprisonment under Herod Agrippa in Jerusalem, as first described in Acts 12:3-19.
In his 1848 History of England, Thomas Babington Macaulay called St Peter ad Vincula "the saddest spot on the earth." He described it as a place where death is associated not with genius and virtue but with "the savage triumph of implacable enemies" and men brought in "by the rude hands of gaolers, without one mourner following."
The exact founding date is unknown. Some historians believe the chapel predates the Norman Conquest of England, while others conclude it was founded by Henry I, who reigned from 1100 to 1135, and perhaps consecrated on the 1st of August 1110. The chapel had functioned as a parish church for at least a century before it became the inhabitants' chapel of the Tower in the mid-thirteenth century.
St Peter ad Vincula is a Chapel Royal and a royal peculiar, meaning it falls under the jurisdiction of the monarch rather than a local diocese. The priest responsible is the chaplain of the Tower of London, a canon and member of the Ecclesiastical Household. The canonry was abolished in 1685 but reinstated in 2012, when Roger Hall was installed as canon.