Short answers, pulled from the story.
Hugo von Mohl published a definitive description of chloroplasts in 1837. He identified these structures as discrete green bodies within plant cells and called them Chlorophyllkörnen.
Eduard Strasburger adopted the simpler term chloroplasts in 1884. Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper had previously named these bodies chloroplastids in 1883 before Strasburger simplified the name two years later.
Most chloroplast genomes combine into single large circular molecules ranging from 120,000 to 170,000 base pairs long. These genomes often feature inverted repeats separating long single copy sections from short single copy regions varying from 4,000 to 25,000 base pairs each.
Chloroplasts in land plants generally measure 3-10 micrometers in diameter and 1-3 micrometers thick. They form lens-shaped structures that vary in volume depending on the specific organism type.
Scientists first identified chloroplast DNA biochemically in 1959. This discovery was confirmed via electron microscopy in 1962.