Short answers, pulled from the story.
The May Fourth Movement erupted in 1919 following the Versailles Treaty. This treaty transferred German privileges in Shandong to Japan instead of returning them to China, triggering student protests that surged Chinese nationalism across the country.
Sun Yat-sen founded the Revive China Society in 1894 as the first Chinese nationalist revolutionary society. Early revolutionaries like Zou Rong demanded an educational revolution for Han people suffering under Manchu rule.
The Law of Nationality of Great Qing defined Chinese identity with specific rules regarding birth and parentage stating that anyone born in China whose father was Chinese qualified as Chinese. Those born after their father's death could also qualify if the father was Chinese at his death.
Hu Songshan ordered the Chinese flag to be saluted during prayer and instructed all Imams in Ningxia to preach Chinese nationalism. He even wrote prayers in Arabic and Chinese asking Allah to support the Kuomintang government and defeat Japan.
Xi Jinping first used the phrase Chinese Dream during a high-profile visit to the National Museum of China on the 29th of November 2012. He and his Standing Committee colleagues attended a national revival exhibition marking this moment.