Short answers, pulled from the story.
Chartism was a working-class movement for political reform in the United Kingdom that lasted from 1838 to 1857. It took its name from the People's Charter of 1838, which called for six reforms: a vote for every man aged twenty-one and above, the secret ballot, removal of property qualifications for MPs, payment for MPs, equal constituencies, and annual parliamentary elections.
Chartism did not directly generate any parliamentary reforms during its active years. However, after the movement faded, five of its six demands were eventually enacted by other reformers: the secret ballot in 1872, payment for MPs in 1911, and full manhood suffrage in 1918, alongside removal of property qualifications and equal constituencies. Annual elections remain the only Chartist demand never implemented.
On the night of the 3rd-the 4th of November 1839, John Frost led several thousand marchers to the Westgate Hotel in Newport, Monmouthshire, expecting to seize the town and trigger a national uprising. Soldiers in the hotel opened fire; more than twenty Chartists were killed and at least fifty wounded. Frost and fellow leaders Zephaniah Williams and William Jones were transported to Tasmania.
Feargus O'Connor was the proprietor of the Northern Star newspaper and, according to historian Dorothy Thompson, the "most well-loved man" of the Chartist movement. Standing over six feet tall with a powerful speaking voice, he was the movement's dominant popular leader. In 1847 he was elected MP for Nottingham, the only Chartist ever to win a parliamentary seat.
The first Chartist petition, presented to the House of Commons in June 1839, was signed by 1.3 million working people. A second petition, submitted in early May 1842, bore over three million signatures. Both were rejected by Parliament.
Beginning in 1843, Feargus O'Connor proposed a Chartist Co-operative Land Company, later called the National Land Company, through which workers bought shares to fund the purchase of estates subdivided into 2, 3, and 4 acre lots for settlement by shareholders chosen by lot. Between 1844 and 1848, five estates were purchased and settled. Parliament ordered the scheme shut down in 1848 after a Select Committee investigated its finances. Cottages built by the company still stand in Oxfordshire, Worcestershire, Gloucestershire, and on the outskirts of London; Rosedene in Dodford, Worcestershire, is owned by the National Trust.