Short answers, pulled from the story.
Charles V served as Holy Roman Emperor from 1519 to 1556. He won the Imperial election on the 28th of June 1519 and received his papal coronation from Pope Clement VII in Bologna on the 24th of February 1530. He abdicated in favour of his brother Ferdinand on the 27th of August 1556, though the Imperial Diet did not legally accept the abdication until the 24th of February 1558.
Charles V was born on the 24th of February 1500 at the Prinsenhof of Ghent, in the Habsburg Netherlands. His father was Philip the Handsome, son of Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor, and his mother was Joanna of Castile, daughter of Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile.
Charles V ruled the Holy Roman Empire, the Habsburg Netherlands, the Kingdom of Spain (as Charles I), the kingdoms of Sicily and Naples, Sardinia, and the Spanish possessions in the Americas including the conquered Aztec and Inca territories. His combined dominions were the first to be called "the empire on which the sun never sets."
At the Diet of Worms in 1521, Charles V summoned Martin Luther under safe conduct. After Luther defended his writings, Charles issued the Edict of Worms, declaring Luther an outlaw and a heretic. He honoured the safe conduct and allowed Luther to leave the city, after which Luther was taken by Frederick III of Saxony to the castle at Wartburg.
Charles V abdicated between 1554 and 1556 due to the religious division of Germany, Spain's financial crisis, ongoing war with France under Henry II, the advance of the Ottomans, and severe gout. He retired to the Monastery of Yuste in Extremadura, Spain, arriving in 1557, and died there on the 21st of September 1558 at the age of 58.
Charles V drew annual revenues of roughly 2.8 million Spanish ducats in the 1520s and about 4.8 million in the 1540s from Castile, Naples, and the Low Countries, supplemented by silver from the Americas which represented a fifth of total revenue. He borrowed 28 million ducats in total, including 5.5 million from the Fugger family of Augsburg, and left debts his heirs spent decades repaying.