Short answers, pulled from the story.
Charles Darwin was an English naturalist, geologist, and biologist who lived from the 12th of February 1809 to the 19th of April 1882. He is known for his proposition that all species of life descended from a common ancestor through a process he called natural selection.
Charles Darwin spent most of the nearly five-year voyage on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS Beagle surveyed coasts. The voyage began on the 27th of December 1831, and on it he found fossils of huge extinct mammals near Punta Alta and observed mockingbirds and tortoises that differed from island to island in the Galapagos.
Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species on the 22nd of November 1859, when it went on sale to booksellers. The entire stock of 1,250 copies was oversubscribed.
Charles Darwin devised the idea after reading the sixth edition of Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population on the 28th of September 1838. He realised that because species breed beyond available resources, favourable variations would tend to be preserved and unfavourable ones destroyed, forming new species.
Charles Darwin received a paper from Alfred Russel Wallace on the 18th of June 1858 describing the same idea of natural selection, leaving him shocked at being forestalled. Lyell and Hooker arranged a joint presentation of both men's work at the Linnean Society on the 1st of July 1858.
Charles Darwin was buried in Westminster Abbey, close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton. He died at Down House on the 19th of April 1882, aged 73, and his funeral was held on Wednesday the 26th of April.