Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey conducts monetary and exchange rate policy, manages the country's international reserves, issues banknotes, and regulates payment systems. Its primary legal objective is to achieve and maintain price stability. Since 2006, the Bank has operated under an explicit inflation targeting regime.
The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey was established by a law enacted on the 11th of June 1930, published in the Official Gazette on the 30th of June 1930 as Law No. 1715. The Bank began operations on the 3rd of October 1931.
The Imperial Ottoman Bank was a joint English-French banking partnership formed in 1863 with the exclusive right to issue Ottoman banknotes for thirty years; it also served as the Ottoman government's treasurer. The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey, founded in 1931, replaced this foreign-controlled institution as Turkey's monetary authority after the empire's collapse.
The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey adopted an implicit inflation targeting regime in 2002, laying the institutional groundwork during the 2002-2005 period. The explicit inflation targeting regime launched in 2006. From 2005 onwards, the Monetary Policy Committee began publishing its full-year meeting schedule in advance to improve predictability.
The crisis led Turkey to adopt a free-floating exchange rate on the 22nd of February 2001, abandoning an exchange rate based stability program. On the 25th of April 2001, Turkey amended the CBRT Law to declare price stability the Bank's primary objective and grant it instrument independence, meaning the Bank could choose its own monetary policy tools without government direction. The Monetary Policy Committee was also established at this time.
The Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey is structured as a joint stock company with capital of 25,000 Turkish liras divided into 250,000 shares across four classes. As of the end of 2018, Class A shares held by the Turkish Ministry of Finance and Treasury constituted 55.12 percent of capital, Class B shares held by national banks constituted 25.74 percent, and Class D shares held by Turkish commercial entities and nationals constituted 19.12 percent.