Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Catholic Church published the official Catechism of the Catholic Church in 1992. This document serves as a comprehensive summary of the church's teachings on faith and morals.
Catholic theology rests on canonical scripture, sacred tradition, and the magisterium. Scripture includes the Old Testament and the twenty-seven books of the New Testament written primarily in Greek while tradition encompasses the living deposit of faith passed down through generations.
Pope Pius V codified a standard book for Mass in 1570 at the Council of Trent. This Tridentine Mass used Latin as the universal language of the church until the Second Vatican Council approved the Mass of Paul VI.
Seven sacraments exist including Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony. Eastern Catholic Churches call these holy mysteries instead of sacraments.
The Nicene Creed formulated at Nicaea in 325 and Constantinople in 381 became the universal creed ratified by Ephesus in 431. Catholics believe one God exists in three distinct persons: Father, Son, and Holy Spirit.