Short answers, pulled from the story.
The term cartoon originates from words describing strong, heavy paper or pasteboard used as a full-size drawing blueprint for grand frescoes. This preparatory work originated in the Middle Ages to guide artists painting on damp plaster over several days.
Punch magazine applied the word cartoon to satirical drawings in 1843 for the first time. John Leech contributed sketches that parodied the preparatory cartoons for grand historical frescoes in the Palace of Westminster during this period.
Painters such as Raphael created famous examples of cartoons now housed in London. Francisco Goya also produced tapestry cartoons that remain highly prized today.
Swiss comic-strip book Mr. Vieux Bois appeared in 1837 as one of the earliest humor comics. The British strip Ally Sloper first appeared in 1867 while the American Yellow Kid debuted in 1895.
Thomas Nast used realistic German drawing techniques to pursue the criminal characteristics of the Tweed machine in New York City with his 160 cartoons. These efforts helped bring down the organization and led to Tweed's arrest in Spain.