Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Carolingian Renaissance occurred during the 8th and 9th centuries within the Carolingian Empire. This period began with political unification in the late 7th century and reached its economic zenith between 775 and 830.
Alcuin of York served as head of the Palace School from 782 until 796 to guide Charlemagne's educational reforms. Other key figures included Peter of Pisa who instructed Charlemagne in Latin from 776 to about 790, Paulinus of Aquileia who became patriarch of Aquileia in 787, Theodulf of Orléans who served at court from 782 to 797, and Joseph Scottus an Irishman who joined the court later.
Carolingian minuscule was a new script first used at the monasteries of Corbie and Tours during the 9th century. It introduced lower-case letters with consistent heights punctuation and word separation to improve legibility while separating Carolingian writing from previous regional variations that fractured into diverse local scripts.
John Contreni calculated that between 768 and 855 more than eight decades saw the construction of 27 new cathedrals 417 monasteries and 100 royal residences. This architectural style emulated Roman Early Christian and Byzantine forms while developing unique innovations such as the Lorsch Abbey gatehouse which stands as an example of this conscious attempt to create a Roman Renaissance.
Pepin the Short reformed the currency of the Frankish Kingdom around AD 755 by standardizing local systems and closing minor mints. He established a system based on a .940-fine silver penny weighing approximately two grams which was one two-hundred-and-fortieth of a pound before traders repeatedly rejected these new pennies in favor of gold coins used elsewhere.