Short answers, pulled from the story.
Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychotherapist who founded the school of analytical psychology. Born on the 26th of July 1875 in Kesswil, Switzerland, he created key psychological concepts including the collective unconscious, archetypes, introversion and extraversion, individuation, and synchronicity, and he died on the 6th of June 1961 at Küsnacht.
Jung and Freud parted ways due to fundamental disagreements about the nature of the unconscious and the role of sexuality in psychology. Jung de-emphasised sexual development and proposed the collective unconscious, a deeper inherited layer beyond Freud's personal unconscious. The publication of Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious in 1912 marked the final break, and their personal relationship formally ended in early January 1913 when Freud wrote proposing they abandon it entirely.
The Red Book, formally titled Liber Novus, is a large red leather-bound manuscript in which Jung recorded visions, painted illuminations, and developed his core theories during a period of psychological crisis beginning around 1913. He worked on it intermittently for sixteen years. Fewer than about two dozen people had seen it before 2008, and it was published on the 7th of October 2009 by W. W. Norton and Company in New York City, with an English translation and introduction by historian Sonu Shamdasani.
In 1926, Jung treated Rowland Hazard, an American patient with chronic alcoholism, and told him that a vital spiritual or religious experience was the only remaining hope for recovery. Hazard joined the Oxford Group and shared Jung's message with other alcoholics, including Ebby Thacher, who passed it to William Griffith Wilson. Wilson became co-founder of Alcoholics Anonymous, established on the 10th of June 1935 in Akron, Ohio. The connection is documented in letters exchanged between Jung and Wilson.
Jung defined the collective unconscious as a layer of the psyche that is universal and inherited, distinct from the personal unconscious of repressed individual memories. It consists of archetypes, pre-existing patterns that give rise to repeating experiences across cultures, deduced through storytelling and comparative religion over tens of thousands of years. Jung argued its existence was no more speculative than the accepted existence of instincts shared across the human species.
Archetypes, in Jung's framework, are universal inherited patterns in the collective unconscious that give rise to recognisable experiences and images across all cultures. Examples he named include the shadow, the hero, the self, the anima, the animus, the mother, the father, the child, and the trickster. Jung elaborated them in works including The Archetypes and the Collective Unconscious and Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self.