Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Latin word cardinalis means pivot or hinge. In late antiquity, church leaders used this term to describe priests who became attached to a specific church where they had not originally been ordained.
Pope Paul VI established this age restriction in November 1970 through a motu proprio document. The rule took effect on the 1st of January 1971, removing 25 cardinals from eligibility.
Cardinal Richelieu served as chief minister of France during the early 17th century and effectively ruled the kingdom for many years. Jules Mazarin succeeded him as another powerful cardinal statesman while Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury completed the list of four great French rulers holding the purple hat.
Scarlet garments symbolize a cardinal's willingness to die for the faith. This blood-like red appears on cassocks, mozzettas, and birettas worn during choir dress.
John Fisher became Bishop of Rochester and refused Henry VIII's supremacy over the English church before being executed in June 1535. He was canonized on the 19th of May 1935.