Short answers, pulled from the story.
Cappadocia became a Roman province in 17 AD, when Emperor Tiberius summoned the last Cappadocian client king, Archelaus, to Rome, accused him of revolutionary schemes, and imprisoned him. Archelaus died in custody, ending the client kingdom.
The capital of Roman Cappadocia was Caesarea, which corresponds to the modern city of Kayseri in central-eastern Turkey.
Mithridates VI was the king of Pontus who turned Cappadocia into a Pontic protectorate through a combination of assassination, puppet kings, and military force. In 116 BC he had the Cappadocian king Ariarathes VI murdered, and in 101 BC he installed his own eight-year-old son, Ariarathes IX, as a puppet ruler on the Cappadocian throne.
During the middle of the second century AD, Cappadocia maintained a permanent garrison of three legions and several auxiliary units, totaling over 28,000 troops. This force served as a response force against Parthian invasions and allowed Roman intervention in the client kingdom of Armenia.
The Cappadocian Fathers were a group of Christian thinkers from the Roman province of Cappadocia. The most prominent were Basil of Caesarea, his close friend Gregory of Nazianzos, his younger brother Gregory of Nyssa, and their cousin Amphilochios of Iconium.
In 47 BC, Caesar traveled through Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia to confront Pharnaces II, who had invaded and overrun much of the region. Caesar defeated Pharnaces II at the Battle of Zela and afterward incorporated Lesser Armenia into Cappadocia as a buffer against future eastern aggression.