Short answers, pulled from the story.
Capitalization is the practice of writing a word with its first letter as an uppercase letter and the remaining letters in lowercase, in writing systems that have a case distinction. The term also refers more broadly to the use of uppercase letters in general, or to the choice between uppercase and lowercase.
The full rules of capitalization in English have changed over time, generally moving toward capitalizing fewer words. In the 17th and 18th centuries, many common nouns were capitalized in English, as seen in most of the original 1787 United States Constitution and in Gulliver's Travels, but the practice was gradually abandoned.
The High German language family, including Standard German and Luxembourgish, are the only major languages using the Latin alphabet in which all nouns are capitalized. Danish abandoned the practice in 1948, Norwegian in 1901, and Swedish during the 17th and 18th centuries.
Camel case is a capitalization style in which capital letters appear within a word rather than only at its start. The term describes brand names and trademarks that use internal capitals to be distinctive, such as eBay and iPod.
Capitonyms are words whose meaning, and sometimes pronunciation, changes depending on whether they are capitalized. English examples include August (the month) versus august (meaning dignified), and Polish (the adjective for the nationality) versus polish (the verb).
The Chicago Manual of Style recommends capitalizing the first word, the last word, and most other words in English titles, with articles and coordinating conjunctions left lowercase, and all prepositions lowercase. The APA style guide instead capitalizes any word of four letters or more. Romance languages such as French capitalize only the first word and proper names in titles.