Short answers, pulled from the story.
The word capitalist appeared in the Hollantse Mercurius newspaper during 1653 and 1792. Arthur Young recorded its first English usage four years after this Dutch publication, specifically in his 1792 work Travels in France.
Louis Blanc coined the modern sense of capitalism in 1850 when he defined it as the appropriation of capital by some to the exclusion of others. Pierre-Joseph Proudhon followed with his own definition in 1861 describing an economic regime where capital does not generally belong to those who make it work through labor.
Private ownership of means of production defines capitalism alongside profit motive and capital accumulation. Hernando de Soto argued that functioning state protection of property rights creates formal systems where transactions are clearly recorded.
The United Kingdom formally adopted the gold standard in 1821 followed by Canada in 1853 and Newfoundland in 1865. This standard formed the financial basis of the global economy from 1870 until 1914.
Contemporary capitalist societies developed in the West from 1950 to present with relevant examples starting in the United States after the 1950s. France began its development after the 1960s while Spain started after the 1970s and Poland joined the system after 2015.