Short answers, pulled from the story.
The name Calais derives from the Gaulish ethnonym Caletoi, which literally translates to the hard ones or the stubborn. This linguistic root stems from the Proto-Celtic stem kaletos and hints at a resilience that defined the city's history for over a millennium.
The English King Edward III laid siege to Calais in 1347. The town's obstinate defense enraged him to the point of ordering the mass execution of its citizens, though Queen Philippa of Hainault begged her husband to show mercy and spare the six Burghers of Calais.
King Henry II of France sent forces led by Francis, Duke of Guise, who laid siege to Calais on the 7th of January 1558. The French were able to surprise the English at the critical strongpoint of Fort Nieulay, and the sluice gates remained unopened, leading to the loss of the town.
A total of 3,000 British and 800 French troops held out from the 22nd to the 27th of May 1940 against the 10th Panzer Division. Only 30 of the 3,800-strong defending force were evacuated before the town fell to German forces.
French authorities announced that the camp had been cleared on the 26th of October 2016. By January 2017, 500 to 1,000 migrants, mostly unaccompanied minors, had returned and were living rough in Calais.
Former French President Charles de Gaulle married Yvonne Vendroux in the church of Notre-Dame on the 6th of April 1921. The church was built during the English occupancy of Calais and is arguably the only church built in the English perpendicular style in all of France.