Short answers, pulled from the story.
Bumin Qaghan was the founder of the First Turkic Khaganate. He had served as a chieftain of the Turks under the sovereignty of the Rouran Khaganate before breaking free and proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan in 552 AD.
The name Bumin is analyzed by turcologist Volker Rybatzki as combining the root bum-, related to words for earth or land in Old Sanskrit, Old Persian, and Sogdian, with the suffix -in, which in Sogdian marks a nickname or patronymic. Chinese sources recorded the same ruler as Tumen, a name some scholars trace to the Turkic word for ten thousand.
The Rouran khagan Yujiulü Anagui refused Bumin's request for a Rouran princess in marriage and sent a message calling him "my blacksmith slave." Bumin killed Anagui's emissary, severed ties with the Rouran, and emerged as the leader of a revolt against them.
In February or March 552, Bumin's army defeated Anagui's forces at the north of Huaihuang. Anagui committed suicide following the defeat. Bumin then proclaimed himself Illig Qaghan and elevated his wife to the rank of qaghatun.
Bumin Qaghan died in 552 AD, within several months of proclaiming himself Illig Qaghan. Scholar Xue Zongzheng believes injuries sustained during the war with the Rouran caused his death.
A 2023 genetic analysis by Xiaoming Yang and colleagues of Empress Ashina, Bumin's granddaughter through his son Muqan Qaghan, found nearly exclusively Ancient Northeast Asian ancestry at 97.7 percent with no Chinese Yellow River admixture. The authors concluded this supports a Northeast Asian origin for the Ashina tribe and validates a cultural diffusion model for the spread of Turkic languages.