Short answers, pulled from the story.
Buddhist art originated in the north of the Indian subcontinent, in the regions of modern India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. The earliest surviving examples date from a few centuries after the life of Siddhartha Gautama, who lived in the 6th to 5th century BCE, with the earliest works in India traceable to the 1st century BCE.
Artists in the pre-iconic phase, roughly the 5th to 1st century BCE, were reluctant to represent the Buddha anthropomorphically and instead developed sophisticated symbolic stand-ins. This aniconic tendency persisted as late as the 2nd century CE in southern India at the Amaravati School. No definitive explanation is recorded in the source, though a 5th-century CE commentary called the Samantapasadika preserves a tradition that monks made images to compensate for the Buddha's absence during a teaching journey.
Hellenistic culture entered Gandhara following Alexander the Great's conquests in 332 BCE, and its influence is visible in Gandharan Buddhist sculpture through naturalistic human figures, wavy hair, drapery covering both shoulders, shoes and sandals, and acanthus leaf ornament. The Indo-Greek King Menander I was a celebrated patron of Buddhism and facilitated the spread of this Greco-Buddhist art style to other parts of the subcontinent.
Borobudur is a temple on the island of Java, Indonesia, built by the Shailendra dynasty around 780-850 CE and recognised as the largest Buddhist structure in the world. It is modelled on the Buddhist concept of the universe as a mandala, contains 505 seated Buddha images, and is adorned with long series of bas-reliefs narrating Buddhist scriptures.
Jocho was a sculptor active during the Heian period who perfected the yosegi zukuri technique, assembling Buddha figures from several pieces of wood rather than carving from a single block. The peaceful and graceful style he created, known as the Jocho style, set the standard for Japanese Buddhist statuary in subsequent periods and dramatically raised the social standing of Buddhist sculptors throughout Japan.
The Berenike Buddha is a 71-centimetre Buddha statue discovered between 2018 and 2022 in the forecourt of a Roman-period temple dedicated to the goddess Isis at the ancient harbour of Berenike, Egypt. According to co-director Steven Sidebotham of the University of Delaware, it dates to between 90 and 140 CE and is thought to have been made in Alexandria or carved at the site itself, from stone extracted south of Istanbul.