Short answers, pulled from the story.
Caroline A. F. Rhys Davids published a translation of the Dhamma Sangani titled Buddhist Manual of Psychological Ethics through the Pali Text Society in 1900. This work marked one of the earliest attempts to describe ancient Buddhist texts using the language of Western psychology.
Early Buddhist texts outline perception as emerging when an internal eye meets external visible forms with appropriate attention, creating perceptual consciousness. The tradition rejects a permanent self or pure ego, instead describing human experience as five changing categories called skandhas or aggregates.
Jon Kabat-Zinn developed Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction over ten years at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center starting around 1979. His colleagues later created Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy in 1987 while Marsha M. Linehan developed Dialectical Behavioral Therapy using Zen practices.
Neurologist James H. Austin wrote Zen and the Brain in 1998 applying neuropsychological tools to Buddhist practice. Subsequent research found that brain areas are thicker in practitioners of Insight meditation compared to control subjects who do not meditate.
Patrick Kearney argued that integrating Buddhism through psychological lenses leads to growing confusion about its nature and distorts original teachings. Critics warn that mixing certain teachings with psychological views risks losing the liberating message focused on attaining nirvana.