Short answers, pulled from the story.
The British Agricultural Revolution was an unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain arising from improvements in labour and land productivity between the mid-17th century and the late 19th century. Agricultural output per labourer increased by a factor of 2.5 between 1700 and 1850.
The Norfolk four-course system rotated wheat, barley, turnips, and clover through four successive fields in consecutive years, eliminating the need to leave land fallow. Clover fixed nitrogen into the soil as a natural fertiliser, while deep-rooted turnips recovered nutrients from lower soil layers, together supporting more livestock and improving soil fertility.
Jethro Tull invented an improved seed drill in 1701. The seed drill had originated in China and was introduced to Italy in the mid-16th century, where it was patented by the Venetian Senate, before Tull developed his mechanical version that distributed seeds evenly at the correct depth.
Enclosure replaced the feudal open-field system with individually owned fields, giving landowners the security to invest in new crops and rotations that were incompatible with shared grazing rights. The Inclosure (Consolidation) Act 1801 sanctioned large-scale land reform, and the process was largely complete by the end of the 18th century, displacing many rural workers toward factory cities.
By increasing food output faster than population growth, the Agricultural Revolution freed a large share of the rural workforce from farming, supplying the urban labour that industrialisation required. It is estimated that total agricultural output grew by a factor of 2.7 between 1700 and 1870, with output per worker rising at a similar rate.
Robert Bakewell and Thomas Coke systematised selective breeding to increase the size and productivity of farm animals. Average milk cow output rose from around 100 gallons per year in 1300 to 566 gallons by 1800, and average bull weights at Smithfield market climbed from roughly 370 lb around 1700 to 840 lb by 1786.