Short answers, pulled from the story.
The name Bengal derives from the ancient kingdom of Vanga, whose earliest records appear in the Mahabharata epic. The form Vangala first appears in the Comilla copperplates of 720 CE, and the modern term Bangla became prominent from the 14th century with the establishment of the Bengal Sultanate.
The Bengal Sultanate emerged as an independent state in 1352, when Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah, ruler of Satgaon, unified Bengal's three main towns after their governors had declared independence from Delhi in 1338. The Bengal-Delhi War formally ended in 1359 when Delhi recognised Bengal's independence.
The Mughal Emperors applied this title because Bengal was the wealthiest province in the subcontinent. Bengal accounted for 40% of Dutch imports from Asia, produced muslin traded across Central Asia and Europe, and its Nawab's treasury was the largest single source of revenue for the Mughal imperial court in Delhi.
At the Battle of Plassey in 1757, the British East India Company defeated the last independent Nawab of Bengal. This marked the start of British control over Bengal and effectively the beginning of British influence across India.
On the 20th of June 1947, Bengal's legislators voted in separate meetings along regional lines. West Bengal voted 58 to 21 to join India, while East Bengal voted 106 to 35 against partition but 107 to 34 to join Pakistan if partition occurred. The English barrister Cyril Radcliffe drew the Radcliffe Line, awarding two-thirds of Bengal as the eastern wing of Pakistan, though historic capitals including Calcutta fell on the Indian side.
Satyendra Nath Bose, while at the University of Dhaka in 1924-25, laid the foundation for Bose-Einstein statistics and the theory of the Bose-Einstein condensate. Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose became the first person from the Indian subcontinent to receive a US patent, in 1904, and was named one of the fathers of radio science by IEEE. Meghnad Saha developed the thermal ionisation equations foundational to astrophysics.