Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Beer Hall Putsch took place on the 8th and the 9th of November 1923 in Munich, Bavaria, during the Weimar Republic. Hitler and approximately 603 SA members seized the Bürgerbräukeller on the evening of the 8th, and the march that ended in gunfire at the Feldherrnhalle occurred the following day.
Twenty-one people died in the Beer Hall Putsch: sixteen Nazi putschists, four Bavarian police officers, and one bystander, Karl Kuhn, a head waiter from Heilbronn who was killed in the crossfire while watching the march from outside his workplace.
Hitler was convicted of treason and sentenced to five years in Festungshaft, the mildest category of imprisonment under German law, which allowed comfortable quarters and nearly daily visitors. He was granted early release on the 20th of December 1924 after serving only nine months.
The Blutfahne, meaning "blood flag," was a Nazi flag soaked in the blood of Andreas Bauriedl, a World War I veteran who was shot at the Feldherrnhalle and fell onto the flag after its bearer, Heinrich Trambauer, was severely wounded. The flag became a central relic of the Nazi movement, used at the swearing-in of new SA and SS recruits once Hitler came to power.
Hitler dictated Mein Kampf during his imprisonment at Landsberg Prison, with Emil Maurice and Rudolf Hess assisting. The book's foreword was dedicated to the sixteen putschists who died in the failed coup.
Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter was a senior Nazi leader born on the 21st of January 1884 in Riga. He marched arm-in-arm with Hitler at the Feldherrnhalle, was shot in the lungs, and died instantly, pulling Hitler down and dislocating Hitler's shoulder as he fell. Hitler later described him as the only "irreplaceable loss" among those killed in the putsch.