Short answers, pulled from the story.
The battle was named the Battle of the Spurs because of the speed with which the French cavalry fled the field on the 16th of August 1513. In the summer of 1518 the English ambassador in Spain, Lord Berners, joked that the French had learned to ride fast at the "jurney of Spurres."
The most notable prisoners taken in the pursuit were Jacques de La Palice, the French commander; Pierre Terrail, seigneur de Bayard; and Louis d'Orléans, Duke of Longueville. Longueville was sent to Catherine of Aragon in England and lodged in the Tower of London.
Maximilian I personally commanded the allied cavalry at the Battle of the Spurs, with some accounts crediting him with directing the entire battle plan. He was 53 years old at the time. Henry VIII had wanted to lead the cavalry charge himself but was advised against it, leaving the task to the emperor.
Thérouanne fell to Henry VIII on the 22nd of August 1513, four days after the battle. Eight or nine hundred soldiers demolished the walls and three large bastions. The town was prepared to be burned after the demolition was complete.
The Battle of the Spurs was part of the War of the League of Cambrai, which ran from 1508 to 1516 within the broader Italian Wars. Henry VIII had joined the Holy League on the 13th of October 1511 alongside Venice and Spain to oppose France by military force.
Catherine of Aragon governed England and Wales as Rector and Governor while Henry was in France. After the Scottish defeat at Flodden on the 9th of September 1513, she sent Henry the blood-stained coat and gauntlets of the slain James IV of Scotland.