Short answers, pulled from the story.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was the twentieth and last Mughal Emperor, reigning from 1837 until 1857. He was declared Emperor of India by the forces opposing the East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, and his exile to Burma after the rebellion's defeat ended the nearly five-hundred-year Timurid dynasty.
Zafar was captured on the 20th of September 1857 at Humayun's Tomb by Company forces under Major William Hodson. He was tried at the Red Fort in Delhi over twenty-one days and, because Hodson had guaranteed his life on surrender, was exiled rather than executed. He departed for Rangoon in bullock carts at four in the morning on the 7th of October 1858.
Bahadur Shah Zafar died in Rangoon, Burma at five in the morning on the 7th of November 1862, at the age of eighty-seven. He was buried that afternoon near the Shwedagon Pagoda at 6 Ziwaka Road. The shrine of Bahadur Shah Zafar Dargah was built there after a restoration completed on the 16th of February 1991.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was a noted Urdu poet who composed a substantial collection of Urdu ghazals compiled into the Kulliyyat-i-Zafar. His court included the poets Mirza Ghalib, Daagh Dehlvi, Momin Khan Momin, and his personal mentor Mohammad Ibrahim Zauq. He also wrote the ghazal used as his own epitaph.
Zafar was tried on four counts: aiding and encouraging the mutiny of troops, helping persons wage war against the British government, assuming the sovereignty of Hindustan, and being accessory to the killing of Christians. The trial lasted twenty-one days, held nineteen hearings, and examined twenty-one witnesses.
Bahadur Shah Zafar was a devout Sufi who was regarded as a Sufi Pir and accepted students, or murids. He believed his dual status as pir and emperor conferred spiritual powers. He was also tolerant of Shia Muslims and celebrated Hindu festivals including Rakhi, Holi, and Diwali at court. One of his verses stated explicitly that Hinduism and Islam shared the same essence.