Short answers, pulled from the story.
Bahadur Shah I, born Muhammad Mu'azzam on the 14th of October 1643, was the eighth Mughal emperor. He ruled from 1707 to 1712 after defeating his half-brothers in a succession war following Aurangzeb's death.
Bahadur Shah defeated his half-brother Muhammad Azam Shah at the Battle of Jajau in June 1707, described as one of the largest battles in Indian history. Azam Shah and his son Ali Tabar were both killed in the battle, leaving Bahadur Shah to ascend the throne on the 19th of June 1707.
Bahadur Shah left the Deccan for Punjab in June 1710, signing peace terms with Rajput kings before marching north. His forces retook Sirhind in December 1710 and stormed the Lohgarh fort, forcing Banda Bahadur to flee. After a July 1711 battle near the Ravi River, Banda escaped to the hills of present-day Himachal Pradesh.
Bahadur Shah had converted to Shia Islam and altered the public Friday prayer to give Ali, the fourth caliph, the title wasi. Citizens of Lahore refused to recite this version. When Bahadur Shah went to Lahore in September 1711 to resolve the matter, his own son Azim-ush-Shan sided with the opposition, and the old khutba was ultimately read on the 2nd of October despite troops being deployed at the Badshahi Mosque.
After intercepting treasonous messages between Mu'azzam and Abul Hasan, the ruler of Golconda, Aurangzeb imprisoned Mu'azzam and his sons, executed his closest followers, and had his harem sent to Delhi. Mu'azzam was forbidden from cutting his nails or hair for six months and was deprived of good food and cold water. He was held under these conditions until Aurangzeb rehabilitated him around 1694.
Bahadur Shah I was buried on the 15th of May 1712 in the courtyard of the Moti Masjid, also known as the Pearl Mosque, in Mehrauli. He had built the mosque near the dargah of Qutbuddin Bakhtiar Kaki. His body was brought from Lahore to Delhi on the 11th of April, under the supervision of his widow Mihr-Parwar and Chin Qilich Khan.