Short answers, pulled from the story.
Muhammad Mu'azzam entered the world on the 14th of October 1643 in the city of Burhanpur. He was the second son of Prince Muhi al-Din Muhammad, who later ruled as Emperor Aurangzeb. His mother Nawab Bai belonged to the Jarral tribe.
Aurangzeb died in 1707 without appointing a designated successor. Mu'azzam ascended the throne on the 19th of June 1707 with the title Bahadur Shah I after defeating his brother Muhammad Azam Shah at the Battle of Jajau in June 1707.
Guru Gobind Singh arrived in Agra in July 1707 and stayed with the imperial camp for ten months before accompanying Bahadur Shah to the Deccan. The guru died in October 1708 while traveling to Nanded, which led to Banda Bahadur beginning an uprising in Punjab only a year later.
The emperor traveled to Lahore in September 1711 to discuss religious matters regarding the modified khutba prayer with Haji Yar Muhammad. Citizens resented reciting this version because it gave Ali the title wasi, leading to a heated argument where the emperor stated he wanted martyrdom by a king.
Bahadur Shah I made his final public appearance on the 24th of February before dying during the night of 27, the 28th of February 1712. Jahandar Shah succeeded him as ruler until 1713 after the body was buried on the 15th of May in the courtyard of Moti Masjid in Mehrauli.