Short answers, pulled from the story.
The Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy created the Common Army, the Imperial-Royal Landwehr for Cisleithania, and the Royal Hungarian Honvéd for Transleithania in 1867. These forces operated under separate budgets but answered to a single Minister of War during wartime.
By 1906 only a fraction of soldiers understood German which caused commanders to struggle issuing orders across ethnic lines. A pidgin called Army Slavic developed based primarily on Czech to bridge communication gaps between Hungarian and German speakers.
The military budget stood at 262 million crowns in 1895 and rose to 306 million crowns by 1906. These figures remained far below per capita spending levels seen in Italy or France despite similar population sizes.
Archduke Albrecht Duke of Teschen directed all major decisions regarding the army from 1867 to 1895. His cousin Emperor Franz Joseph relied on him as the leading advisor in military affairs throughout his thirty-year tenure.
Troops under Josip Filipović and Stjepan Jovanović entered Bosnia and Herzegovina in the summer of 1878 and occupied Sarajevo in October. Austro-Hungarian casualties exceeded 5,000 men during this unexpected campaign against Muslim and Orthodox populations.
Archduke Friedrich Duke of Teschen served as Supreme Commander from the 11th of July 1914 until February 1917 when Emperor Charles I assumed the office himself. Chief of Staff Count Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf favored an aggressive foreign policy advocating military action to resolve territorial disputes with Italy and Serbia.