Short answers, pulled from the story.
Augsburg was founded in 15 BC on the orders of Emperor Augustus. The Romans established the settlement at the convergence of the Alpine rivers Lech and Wertach and named it Augusta Vindelicorum, meaning "the Augustan city of the Vindelici".
The Fuggerei is the oldest social housing estate in the world, founded in 1513 by Jakob Fugger as housing for needy citizens. It has been continuously inhabited since 1523 and remains in use today.
The Augsburg Confession was a foundational document of Lutheran theology, presented to the Holy Roman Emperor at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530. The subsequent Peace of Augsburg in 1555 legally protected the rights of religious minorities in imperial cities.
After the Swedish army was defeated at the Battle of Nördlingen in 1634, Catholic troops besieged Augsburg through the winter of 1634-35. Disease, including typhus and the plague, combined with starvation reduced the city's population from roughly 70,000 to roughly 16,000.
UNESCO designated the Water Management System of Augsburg a World Heritage Site on the 6th of July 2019. The system includes medieval canals first recorded in 1276, water towers and pumps added by 1416, and a separation of drinking water from industrial water achieved in 1545, one of the first such divisions in Europe.
Augsburg was described by the historian Behringer as "the dominant centre of early capitalism" in the sixteenth century. The Fugger and Welser banking families were based there, and the city housed the most important post office in the Holy Roman Empire as part of the Kaiserliche Reichspost, the first modern postal system in the world.