Short answers, pulled from the story.
Asymmetric federalism describes an imbalance of power among members of a federation where one state possesses considerably more autonomy than another. This model stands in contrast to symmetric federalism where no distinction exists between constituent states.
Scholars divide asymmetrical federalism into two distinct categories based on legal entrenchment. The first type resolves differences in legislative powers set directly in the constitution known as de jure asymmetry while the second reflects agreements emerging from national policy rather than constitutional text.
Quebec holds three Supreme Court justices by constitutional requirement to ensure French-speaking Quebec maintains control over cultural and social life inside the national union. The province also operates its own pension plan distinct from the Canada Pension Plan covering nine other provinces and exercises extensive provincial authority over employment and immigration issues.
India established a tiered federal system governing twenty-eight states and eight union territories with special provisions for Jammu and Kashmir until 2019 when it was revoked. Indonesia functions as a unitary state yet grants special region status to nine of thirty-eight provinces including Aceh which gained constitutional rights to appoint a Wali Nanggroe following the Helsinki Agreement of 2005.
The Russian Federation consists of eighty-three federal subjects holding six different levels of autonomy where a republic represents the most autonomous subject type with its own constitution and official language. Each republic is meant to be home to a specific ethnic minority alongside Russian while an autonomous okrug holds a substantial ethnic minority but lacks its own constitution or official language.