Short answers, pulled from the story.
An artificial organ is a human-made device implanted or integrated into the body to replace or augment a natural organ's function, allowing the patient to live without being tethered to an external machine. A dialysis machine, while it nearly fully replaces kidney function, does not qualify as an artificial organ because the patient must remain connected to a stationary device during treatment.
The first artificial red blood cell was made by Chang and Poznanski in 1968. It was designed to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide and also fulfilled antioxidant functions.
Thomas Cervantes and colleagues at Massachusetts General Hospital built an artificial ear from sheep cartilage using a 3D printer. The scaffold was redesigned to match the size of an adult human ear for planned clinical trials, with the goal of treating children born with microtia, a congenital deformity where the external ear does not fully develop.
Kevin Warwick extended his nervous system over the internet to control a robotic hand and achieved the first direct electronic communication between the nervous systems of two humans. His experiments demonstrated that artificial devices could augment or enhance human capabilities beyond restoring lost function.
Paolo Macchiarini conducted high-profile artificial trachea work at the Karolinska Institute from 2008 to around 2014. Concerns about his research were raised in 2014, and by 2016 he had been fired and high-level management at Karolinska had been dismissed, including people connected to the Nobel Prize.
The new artificial red blood cell is one-fiftieth the size of a human red blood cell and is made from purified human hemoglobin coated with a synthetic polymer. The coating allows it to capture oxygen when blood pH is high and release oxygen when blood pH is low, and it prevents the hemoglobin from reacting with nitric oxide in the bloodstream, which would otherwise cause dangerous blood vessel constriction. According to Allan Doctor, MD, the coating is immune silent, meaning the cell can be used by people of any blood type.