Short answers, pulled from the story.
Arnold Toynbee (the 23rd of August 1852 - the 9th of March 1883) was an English economic historian who taught at Balliol College, Oxford, and was noted for his social commitment to improving working-class conditions. He is widely credited with popularising the term "Industrial Revolution" in English and with inspiring the university settlement movement through his work in Whitechapel.
Toynbee is widely accepted as the historian who brought the phrase "industrial revolution" into standard English use. French and German commentators had used it earlier, and Friedrich Engels had circulated it in Germany, but English use was rare and inconsistent until the posthumous 1884 publication of Toynbee's Lectures on the Industrial Revolution in England.
Toynbee Hall is a social reform centre on Commercial Street in Whitechapel, East London, founded in 1884 by Samuel Augustus Barnett and Henrietta Barnett. It was named in honour of Arnold Toynbee, whose direct engagement with working-class communities in Whitechapel and whose philosophy of students living alongside the poor inspired the university settlement model. It remains active today.
Toynbee's health deteriorated rapidly, most likely from exhaustion caused by excessive work. Frederick Rogers recorded that Toynbee delivered two physically and intellectually demanding lectures at St. Andrew's Hall on Oxford Street against the economic arguments in Henry George's Progress and Poverty, and that the effort effectively ended his career. He died on the 9th of March 1883.
Toynbee rejected the idea that free competition was universally beneficial. He distinguished between competition in production, which he saw as useful for driving technical progress, and competition in the distribution of wealth, which he argued allowed the stronger side to dictate terms and drive wages to starvation point. His "Radical Creed" held that state intervention was justified when a matter was of primary social importance, proved practicable, and would not undermine individual self-reliance.
Yes. Arnold Joseph Toynbee (1889-1975), the universal historian, was the nephew of Arnold Toynbee the economic historian, through Arnold's brother Harry Valpy Toynbee. The two are frequently confused because of the near-identical names.