Short answers, pulled from the story.
Armenian stands alone as the sole member of its own branch within the vast Indo-European language family. It does not fit neatly into standard subgroups like centum or satem languages yet exhibits more satemization than centumization.
Mesrop Mashtots introduced the Armenian alphabet around 405 AD creating a writing system with exactly thirty-six letters. Two additional letters were added during the Middle Ages bringing the total count to thirty-eight before further reforms in the 1920s.
The nineteenth century division of the Armenian homeland created two distinct political environments under Russian and Ottoman rule that led to separate standards. The Yerevan dialect provided elements for Eastern Armenian centered in Tbilisi while immigrants from various parts of the homeland influenced the Western standard in Istanbul.
Eastern Armenian has six vowels while Western Armenian adds two front rounded vowels to create a distinct vowel system compared to other languages. Western Armenian simplified the occlusive system into voiced versus aspirated divisions whereas some dialects pronounce certain letters differently than others.
Modern usage generally supplants inflected verbs with auxiliary verbs showing tense like will in English and negative verbs conjugate differently from positive ones. Nouns take either nominative or accusative case based on animacy known as differential object marking while animate nouns never take the locative case under any circumstances.
The estimated number of Armenian speakers worldwide ranges between five and seven million people today with communities existing throughout the world carrying the language far beyond its original borders. Armenia and Turkey remain indigenous homelands where the language is spoken natively while diaspora communities exist in countries such as Cyprus Hungary Iraq Poland Romania and Ukraine.