Short answers, pulled from the story.
Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev delivered the Murmansk Initiative on the 1st of October 1987. This speech outlined six goals for Soviet Union Arctic foreign policy including establishing a nuclear-free zone in Northern Europe.
The Russian Ministry of Economic Development identified eight Arctic Support Zones along the coast: Kola, Arkhangelsk, Nenets, Vorkuta, Yamal-Nenets, Taimyr-Turukhan, North Yakutia and Chukotka. Funds and projects focus specifically on these areas to foster economic potential of the Northern Sea Route.
Modern Russian territorial claims to the Arctic officially date back to the 15th of April 1926. The Soviet Union claimed land between 32°04'35E and 168°49'30W at that time applying only to islands and lands within this region.
The Russian Northern Fleet is headquartered in Severomorsk in the Kola Gulf on the Barents Sea. As of 2013 this fleet included approximately 35 submarines and six missile cruisers with the flagship Petr Velikiy being a nuclear-powered guided missile cruiser.
Russia is the only country that uses drift stations seasonally deployed on drift ice starting with North Pole-1 established on the 21st of May 1937. Recent research has focused on studying the Lomonosov Ridge to collect evidence for seabed claims while building bases like the one on Alexandra Land island.