Short answers, pulled from the story.
The original fruit in the Garden of Eden story was likely not an apple at all. The confusion arose in the Middle Ages when the generic Hebrew word for fruit was translated into Latin as malum, which means both apple and evil.
The wild ancestor of the modern apple, Malus sieversii, still grows in the mountains of southern Kazakhstan. Genetic variability suggests the fruit was domesticated 4,000 to 10,000 years ago on the forested flanks of the Tian Shan mountains.
The Honeycrisp apple was released by the University of Minnesota in 1991. By the 2020s, about half of the new apple varieties entering the market in the United States and Canada are Honeycrisp progeny, making it the genetic backbone of the modern apple industry.
Apple seeds contain small amounts of amygdalin, a cyanogenic glycoside that can cause adverse reactions if consumed in extremely large doses. The Arctic apple, a non-browning genetically modified variety, was introduced to the United States market in 2019.
World production of apples in 2023 reached 97 million tonnes. China produced 51% of the total, followed by the United States, Turkey, and Poland.